Tag: COVID-19 Vaccines

UK study finds vaccines offer high protection against hospitalisation from Delta variant

KV Prasad Jun 13, 2022, 06:35 AM IST (Published)

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COVID-19 vaccines made by Pfizer and AstraZeneca offer high protection of more than 90% against hospitalisation from the Delta coronavirus variant, a new analysis by Public Health England (PHE) showed on Monday.

Prime Minister Boris Johnson is expected to announce a delay to the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions in England due to the spread of the highly transmissible Delta variant of concern, first identified in India, which is also associated with a higher risk of hospitalisation among the unvaccinated.

PHE said that the Pfizer/Biontech COVID-19 vaccine was 96% effective against hospitalisation from the Delta variant after two doses, while Oxford/AstraZeneca’s offered 92% protection against hospitalisation by Delta.

PHE said that those levels of protection were comparable to that against the Alpha variant, first identified in Kent, southeast England.

The analysis adds to evidence that, although the Delta variant reduces the effectiveness of vaccines against symptomatic infection, two doses of COVID-19 vaccine still protect against severe disease.

“These hugely important findings confirm that the vaccines offer significant protection against hospitalisation from the Delta variant,” said Mary Ramsay, Head of Immunisation at PHE.

The PHE findings follow a Scottish study which showed that two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine among people who tested positive cut their risk of hospitalisation by 70%, although there were not enough hospital admissions reported to compare the vaccines.

PHE said that while further work was being undertaken to establish the level of protection against mortality from the Delta variant, levels of protection against death were expected to be high.

Elon Musk forms several ‘X Holdings’ companies to fund potential Twitter buyout

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Thursday’s filing dispelled some doubts, though Musk still has work to do. He and his advisers will spend the coming days vetting potential investors for the equity portion of his offer, according to people familiar with the matter

KV Prasad Journo follow politics, process in Parliament and US Congress. Former Congressional APSA-Fulbright Fellow

Last-mile coverage: Govt invites bids for delivery of Covid vaccines to remote areas by drones

KV Prasad Jun 13, 2022, 06:35 AM IST (Published)

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The government has invited bids for delivery of COVID-19 vaccines and drugs to remote areas and those with difficult terrains in select locations of the country by drones to ensure last-mile coverage. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) conducted a successful feasibility study in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur, and has developed a standard protocol for the delivery of vaccines using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), according to the bid document.

On behalf of the ICMR, the HLL Infra Tech Services Limited (Procurement Support Agency) has invited expression of interest (EOI) through the Central Public Procurement Portal from experienced Indian agencies for the delivery of medical supplies (vaccines/drugs) by UAVs. According to the tender criteria, the ICMR shall engage UAV operators who are able to conduct beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations in fixed pre-defined flight paths, deliver medical supplies payload at select locations in India and return to the command station.

During the prevailing pandemic, different agencies are helping the government prevent and control the transmission of COVID-19. To strengthen the delivery of vaccines, the ICMR successfully conducted a feasibility study to deliver vaccines through UAVs in collaboration with IIT, Kanpur, the bid document stated.

”Based on the preliminary results of the study, the ICMR has developed a standard protocol for the successful delivery of vaccines using a UAV. ”Now, based on the experience gained in the feasibility study, the ICMR is keen to develop a model for vaccine delivery by UAV in the field practice area to reach areas to cover last-mile coverage at difficult terrain in selected locations,” it said.

”The main objective of the proposed work is to develop a medical supplies delivery model and its feasibility in the field practice area by using UAVs in remote inaccessible (hard to reach) areas in selected locations in India,” it added. According to the specifications, UAVs should be able to cover a minimum aerial distance of 35 km, able to take off vertically and carry a minimum payload of 4 kg, and should be capable of returning to command station after delivering the payload.

Initially, the tenure of engagement shall be 90 days. This can be extended further depending upon the performance of the UAV operator and the need of the program.

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Elon Musk forms several ‘X Holdings’ companies to fund potential Twitter buyout

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Thursday’s filing dispelled some doubts, though Musk still has work to do. He and his advisers will spend the coming days vetting potential investors for the equity portion of his offer, according to people familiar with the matter

KV Prasad Journo follow politics, process in Parliament and US Congress. Former Congressional APSA-Fulbright Fellow

CDC looking into reports of heart inflammation after Pfizer, Moderna vaccine 2nd jab

KV Prasad Jun 13, 2022, 06:35 AM IST (Published)

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US health officials are investigating what appear to be higher than expected reports of heart inflammation in male teens and young adults after they get a second dose of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. It’s not clear if the heart inflammation is caused by the shots and the reports still are rare, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It urges everyone 12 and older to get vaccinated.

As of May 31, the agency had 275 preliminary reports of such inflammation in 16- to 24-year-olds, CDC’s Dr Tom Shimabukuro told a government vaccine meeting on Thursday. That’s out of more than 12 million second-dose injections of the vaccines. The cases seem to occur more often in men and in younger people, and most already have fully recovered, he said.

This kind of heart inflammation can be caused by a variety of infections, including a bout of COVID-19, as well as certain medications and there have been rare reports following other types of vaccinations.

Also Read: Foreign vaccine update: Pfizer offers 5 crore doses this year, Moderna zero

The CDC’s vaccine advisory committee will meet on June 18 to further evaluate the possible risk.

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Elon Musk forms several ‘X Holdings’ companies to fund potential Twitter buyout

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Thursday’s filing dispelled some doubts, though Musk still has work to do. He and his advisers will spend the coming days vetting potential investors for the equity portion of his offer, according to people familiar with the matter

KV Prasad Journo follow politics, process in Parliament and US Congress. Former Congressional APSA-Fulbright Fellow

US to buy 500 million COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer to share globally

KV Prasad Jun 13, 2022, 06:35 AM IST (Published)

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The US will buy 500 million more doses of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine to share through the global COVAX alliance for donation to 92 lower income countries and the African Union over the next year, a person familiar with the matter said Wednesday. President Joe Biden was set to make the announcement Thursday in a speech before the start of Group of Seven summit.

According to the source, 200 million doses enough to fully protect 100 million people would be shared this year, with the balance to be donated in the first half of 2022. The person confirmed the announcement on the condition of anonymity. The news was first reported by the Washington Post.

The announcement comes days after the White House unveiled its plans to begin sharing the existing US vaccine surplus with the world.

Elon Musk forms several ‘X Holdings’ companies to fund potential Twitter buyout

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Thursday’s filing dispelled some doubts, though Musk still has work to do. He and his advisers will spend the coming days vetting potential investors for the equity portion of his offer, according to people familiar with the matter

KV Prasad Journo follow politics, process in Parliament and US Congress. Former Congressional APSA-Fulbright Fellow

Pfizer jab approved for children, but first other people need to be vaccinated

KV Prasad Jun 13, 2022, 06:35 AM IST (Published)

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Moderna and Pfizer have released data suggesting that their vaccines are well tolerated in adolescents and highly effective in preventing COVID-19. Canada, the US and the EU have already authorised the Pfizer vaccine in children as young as 12. And the UK has just approved the use of the Pfizer vaccine in children aged 12 to 15.

But there may a case for holding out on an immediate rollout, for several reasons. Whether a vaccine is beneficial for someone depends on three things: how likely they are to become seriously ill from the infection, how effective the vaccine is, and the risks of vaccination.

Children have less severe COVID-19 than adults. A recent study across seven countries suggests that there were less than two in a million COVID deaths in children. Even if the vaccine is highly effective in children, it can only eliminate an already tiny risk.

Of course, there are other problems, such as long COVID, but we don’t know yet how common this is in children. We also have to weigh the benefits against vaccine side effects.

So far, trials are reassuring, but those studies only gave the vaccine to about 3,000 young people (aged 12 to 17). They are not large enough to identify rare events. For example, the blood clots associated with the AstraZeneca vaccine were not seen in the much larger initial adult trials.

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is looking into reports of heart inflammation in teenagers and young people who have received COVID vaccines. We don’t know whether these are indeed related to the vaccines, what a true rate might be or if this relates to children. Because of residual uncertainty about the safety profile and the relatively small benefit in a low-risk population, we cannot be sure that COVID vaccines will overall be in children’s best interests.

The moral questions As well as the direct benefit, vaccines have an important indirect benefit: they reduce the spread of the virus and stop other people from being infected. If you can help others in a significant way, at little personal cost, risk, or burden, you have an ethical duty to do so a so-called duty of easy rescue. Vaccinating children could help to achieve herd immunity and protect older adults. For this reason, some ethicists advocate targeting flu vaccination programmes for children.

There is data to suggest that adults living with children may be at increased risk of infection and hospital admission. There is also some concern that a large number of cases of new variants may be occurring in younger people. Meanwhile, evidence is emerging that the COVID vaccines do prevent transmission of the virus. However, vaccine-induced herd immunity may not be possible if virus variants are able to evade antibody protection.

Next, a duty of easy rescue only applies if an intervention is a low risk. It applies to tried-and-tested vaccines, such as flu, but we don’t know that for sure about COVID vaccination in children. Also, despite their low risk from COVID itself, the pandemic has had a huge toll on children’s mental health and educational development. It may not be fair to impose further duties on them, given the sacrifices they have already made for older people.

If herd immunity is indeed possible, it can potentially be achieved by vaccinating 60% to 70% of the population. In the UK and many other countries, that would be possible without vaccinating children. But there is a final, even more, important reason why, at the present time, vaccinating children would be wrong.

There are massive inequalities in global vaccine distribution and access. For example, last month Nepal suspended its vaccination programme because of a lack of vaccine supply, despite a massive surge in cases. Only 2.5% of its population have been fully vaccinated so far.

Peru, which recently recorded the highest number of COVID deaths per capita in the world, has only fully vaccinated 4% of its population. Given current data, 13 million vaccine doses (enough to vaccinate all of the UK’s children) could prevent many thousands of deaths in a country like Peru. This argument is partly altruistic.

The UK, for one, should be giving vaccines to adults at high risk of serious illness in countries in urgent need of vaccines, rather than to low-risk populations, such as children within its own borders. But it is also in the UK’s interests.

As others have highlighted, the emergence of more transmissible coronavirus variants in countries with low vaccination rates means that the UK may be facing a particularly dangerous phase of the pandemic.

In the short term, we urgently need to achieve widespread vaccination of the vulnerable in countries at greatest need. If the virus is allowed to rage in countries unchecked, there will be a risk of further waves of coronavirus even in countries with high rates of vaccination. These concerns are likely to change.

Greater evidence will lead to greater confidence that vaccinations are safe in children and young people. Greater international distribution of the vaccine would mean that doses for young people in developed countries will not come at the cost of those in poorer countries at a much higher risk of dying.

But for the coming months, and possibly longer, COVID vaccination campaigns in high-income countries should not include children.

Elon Musk forms several ‘X Holdings’ companies to fund potential Twitter buyout

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Thursday’s filing dispelled some doubts, though Musk still has work to do. He and his advisers will spend the coming days vetting potential investors for the equity portion of his offer, according to people familiar with the matter

KV Prasad Journo follow politics, process in Parliament and US Congress. Former Congressional APSA-Fulbright Fellow

How long do COVID vaccines take to start working?

KV Prasad Jun 13, 2022, 06:35 AM IST (Published)

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RMIT University and Jennifer Juno, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne (The Conversation) Amid Victoria’s worrying COVID outbreak, perhaps the point of greatest concern is the fact the virus has again found its way into aged care. On Sunday, the state government announced an aged-care worker had tested positive for COVID-19, despite having received their first vaccine dose on May 12.

We’ve since found out another staff member, who worked alongside the original staff member at Arcare Maidstone, has returned a positive result, along with a resident. The resident had received a first dose of the Pfizer vaccine and reportedly has only mild symptoms, but is being monitored in hospital. The original worker’s son has also tested positive.

The cases in the first staff member and the resident, both of whom had received a first vaccine dose, highlight the fact you need both doses for maximum benefit. It takes a couple of weeks Clinical trials show COVID vaccine protection is optimal from about two weeks after your second dose. This means they: -nearly completely protect against severe disease and death in healthy people -dramatically reduce the likelihood of symptoms with COVID-19 -reduce the likelihood of infection with the virus -if you do get infected, they reduce the amount of virus you make. Emerging evidence suggests this reduces the likelihood you will pass the virus to other people.

Each dose of a vaccine essentially shifts the odds in your favour. One dose gives you a lower chance of reaping some of these benefits, while two doses give you a much higher likelihood of these benefits. Though even with two doses, you could still be unlucky and get infected, develop disease or pass on the virus.

What do we know about a single dose of Pfizer? Clinical trials of the Pfizer vaccine were designed to test the efficacy of the vaccine more than one week after the second dose. However, these trials also provided the first hints that a single dose could offer some protection as early as 12 days afterwards. Real-world data now supports these early observations a single dose is highly effective against hospitalisation four weeks after vaccination.

Meanwhile, early research and reports suggest a first dose of Pfizer could be between 50 per cent and 90 per cent effective at preventing infection. Preliminary data also suggest people who become infected with SARS-CoV-2 after one dose of the Pfizer vaccine are up to 50 per cent less likely to transmit that infection to other members of their household.

And what about a single dose of AstraZeneca? The AstraZeneca vaccine was initially developed as a single-dose vaccine, estimated to have an efficacy of 76 per cent against disease in clinical trials. These trials were later amended to include a second dose when other work showed two doses significantly increased antibody levels in volunteers.

Real-world data, though yet to be peer-reviewed, has shown one dose is roughly 65 per cent effective at protecting from infection and up to 50 per cent effective at preventing vaccinated people from passing the virus on if they do become infected, like Pfizer. Also similar to Pfizer, a single dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine offers very good protection against hospital admission four weeks afterwards.

What takes so long? Despite differences in mRNA vaccines like Pfizer and viral vector vaccines like AstraZeneca, both take similar amounts of time to generate antibody responses. After a single dose of AstraZeneca, antibodies can be detected after 14 days and further increase over the next two weeks. But why does it take time for these responses to develop? When researchers track the antibody response to the first dose of vaccine, they find it takes at least ten days for the immune system to start making antibodies that can recognise SARS-CoV-2’s spike protein (a protein on the virus’ surface which it uses to enter our body’s cells).

It also takes at least a week for T cells, a type of white blood cell important in our immune response, to start to react to the vaccine. Over the next few weeks, these responses become even stronger. In contrast, the second dose activates the immune system much more quickly. Within a week of dose two, your antibody levels increase by more than ten times, providing much stronger and longer-lasting protection from infection.

So the first dose of a COVID vaccine gets your immune response going, but the second dose is essential to ensure immunity is strong, consistent from person to person, and longer-lasting. Partial vaccination can be risky While a single dose of either vaccine provides some benefits, relying on partial vaccination for people who are vulnerable or working in high-risk roles is problematic. It’s critical we fully vaccinate frontline health-care workers, quarantine workers and people who work and live in aged and disability care as soon as possible.

Another challenge is that all current COVID vaccines are based on the original virus strain but variants now make up the majority of infections in many countries. Some variants are targeted less effectively by vaccines, particularly after only one dose. Preliminary data suggests that while two doses of the Pfizer vaccine are 88 per cent protective against symptomatic infection with the B.1.617.2 variant, a single dose is only 33 per cent effective.

A similar variant, called B.1.617.1, is behind the current outbreak in Victoria and may respond similarly. This makes it even more important to ensure frontline workers receive both vaccine doses as quickly as possible. It’s also worth noting immune responses to one dose of either the Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccines decrease with age.

In a pooled analysis of Pfizer and AstraZeneca, older people had lower rates of protection than younger people after a single dose, although older people were protected just as well as younger people after two doses. Although this study is yet to be peer-reviewed, it tells us administering the second dose in a timely manner is particularly important for older people to realise the full benefits of vaccination.

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Elon Musk forms several ‘X Holdings’ companies to fund potential Twitter buyout

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Thursday’s filing dispelled some doubts, though Musk still has work to do. He and his advisers will spend the coming days vetting potential investors for the equity portion of his offer, according to people familiar with the matter

KV Prasad Journo follow politics, process in Parliament and US Congress. Former Congressional APSA-Fulbright Fellow

Mumbai mayor finds COVID-19 vaccines stored in normal fridge at hotel

KV Prasad Jun 13, 2022, 06:35 AM IST (Published)

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Mumbai Mayor Kishori Pednekar on Sunday conducted an inspection at a hotel in suburban Andheri and found several COVID-19 vaccines stored there in a normal fridge, in violation of the laid down norms. The Covaxin doses found stored there have been sealed and an inquiry has been ordered, she said.

The mayor conducted the inspection at The Lalit Hotel in Andheri East, during which some Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) officials accompanied her. Talking to reporters later, Pednekar said there is a tie-up between the hotel and a local private hospital.

The hospital had procured the COVID-19 vaccine doses from the central government, which the civic and the state authorities were not aware of, she said. ”The Lalit Hotel had received a proposal from the hospital that people can be vaccinated there (at the hotel).

Also Read: Testing of mixed COVID-19 vaccines may start soon in India

As per the proposal, those people, who do not have a family to look after following the vaccination, can stay in the hotel after inoculation…Here 500 people have been vaccinated,” the mayor said. The hotel is not to be blamed, but the hospital has not adhered to the norms concerning the cold storage of vaccines, she said.

”How did they get Covaxin doses when many BMC centres don’t have them? I found doses, which were stored in a normal fridge. This can result in side effects to those vaccinated. The recovered vaccines have been sealed and an inquiry will be carried out,” Pedkenar added.

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Elon Musk forms several ‘X Holdings’ companies to fund potential Twitter buyout

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Thursday’s filing dispelled some doubts, though Musk still has work to do. He and his advisers will spend the coming days vetting potential investors for the equity portion of his offer, according to people familiar with the matter

KV Prasad Journo follow politics, process in Parliament and US Congress. Former Congressional APSA-Fulbright Fellow

Mixing COVID-19 vaccines: Know what experts say

KV Prasad Jun 13, 2022, 06:35 AM IST (Published)

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Concerns and questions are being raised after a goof-up in a government COVID-19 vaccination centre in Uttar Pradesh led to around 20 individuals receiving mixed doses of two COVID-19 vaccines, Covishield and Covaxin.

The villagers were given mixed doses of both Covishield and Covaxin vaccines at a government hospital in Siddharthnagar district of Uttar Pradesh. Officials claimed no one faced any adverse health effects and those responsible will be punished, NDTV reported.

The villagers were injected with Covishield in the first week of April and then given Covaxin as their second dose on May 14, the report added.

Though the officials assure that adverse effects of mixed doses of vaccines is unlikely, still many questions are being raised about such carelessness at government vaccination centres.

Is it Safe to Mix?

According to experts, there should be no danger of adverse effects or safety events when two vaccines are mixed. But this is only a theoretical assumption. Clinical trials and studies would need to be conducted in order to determine the safety of mixing two vaccine doses.

Chair of National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for Covid-19 (NEGVAC) Dr V.K. Paul said last week, “It is plausible. But there needs to be more studies… One shot of one type produces antibodies and the second shot from another will increase that. Scientifically, there is no problem.”

“It can’t be said definitively that mixing of doses can be practised. There is no robust scientific evidence. Only time will tell whether it will be done in future or not, It will depend on international studies, World Health Organization (WHO) findings, etc. Our experts are also continuously studying,” Dr Paul added.

What do Studies Say?

Studies are currently underway to see how vaccines from Oxford-AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna and Novavax could work in different combinations. Preliminary results indicate that a combination of vaccines, particularly AstraZeneca followed by the Pfizer vaccine, can “produce a potent immune response against the virus.”

However, trials in the UK have also shown that a combination of vaccines is showing an increased occurrence of mild to moderate side-effects in individuals. While all of the side effects were “short-lived and there were no other safety concerns,” the data on the effectiveness of the immune response due to mixing of vaccines was not yet complete.

What about India?

While studies are being conducted on the effect of mixing various vaccines, no conclusive evidence has been found about the effects of mixing AstraZeneca’s jabs, being sold as Covishield in India, and Covaxin, India’s indigenously developed COVID-19 vaccine.

Without proper studies and trials on the effectiveness and safety of all combinations of the two vaccines primarily being administered in India, there can be no definitive call on mixing vaccines.

Elon Musk forms several ‘X Holdings’ companies to fund potential Twitter buyout

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Thursday’s filing dispelled some doubts, though Musk still has work to do. He and his advisers will spend the coming days vetting potential investors for the equity portion of his offer, according to people familiar with the matter

KV Prasad Journo follow politics, process in Parliament and US Congress. Former Congressional APSA-Fulbright Fellow

Current COVID-19 vaccines appear protective against variants, WHO Europe says

KV Prasad Jun 13, 2022, 06:35 AM IST (Published)

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COVID-19 vaccines currently being deployed in the fight against the pandemic in Europe appear able to protect against all variants that are circulating and causing concern, the World Health Organization’s regional director said on Thursday.

Hans Kluge said health authorities should remain vigilant on the rising number of cases in the region of COVID-19 caused by a variant that emerged in India, but stressed that vaccination and infection control measures would help prevent its spread.

“All COVID-19 virus variants that have emerged so far do respond to the available, approved vaccines,” Kluge told a media briefing.

Countries across Europe are rolling out vaccines from several drugmakers, including Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson.

Since the latest concerning variant, known as B.1.617, was first identified in India, it has spread to at least 26 countries out of the 53 in the WHO’s European Region, Kluge said – “from Austria, to Greece, Israel to Kyrgyzstan”.

“We are still learning about the new variant, but it is able to spread rapidly,” he said, adding that it could, in theory, spread rapidly enough to displace another variant known as B.1.1.7 which first emerged in the UK late last year and has since become the dominant version of the virus in Europe.

Kluge said the WHO’s regional office was cautiously optimistic to see the COVID-19 epidemic in the region declining.

“We are heading in the right direction, but need to keep a watchful eye,” he said. “In several countries, there are pockets of increasing transmission that could quickly evolve into dangerous resurgences … The pandemic is not over yet.”

Elon Musk forms several ‘X Holdings’ companies to fund potential Twitter buyout

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Thursday’s filing dispelled some doubts, though Musk still has work to do. He and his advisers will spend the coming days vetting potential investors for the equity portion of his offer, according to people familiar with the matter

KV Prasad Journo follow politics, process in Parliament and US Congress. Former Congressional APSA-Fulbright Fellow

American vaccines effective against COVID strain first found in India: US officials

KV Prasad Jun 13, 2022, 06:35 AM IST (Published)

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COVID-19 vaccines that are available in the United States are effective against the deadly variant that was first detected in India, top US health officials said on Tuesday. The B.1.617 virus variant, first identified in India last year, has been classified as a ’variant of concern’ at the global level by the World Health Organisation.

”The modest neutralization resistance to the 617 antibodies suggests that the current vaccines that we are all using that we’ve been speaking about would be at least partially and probably quite protective,” Dr Anthony Fauci, Director of US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the chief medical advisor to the President told reporters during a news conference here.

Making a presentation of his data and latest research on this issue, Dr Fauci said that both the variants B617 and B1618, that have been identified in India, have been neutralized with only a 2.5 fold diminution in titer. ”That’s well within the cushion effect of the capability to protect against infection and certainly against serious disease”.

”So, in summary, this is just another example of the scientific data accruing, literally over the last few days, indicating another very strong reason why we should be getting vaccinated,” Dr Fauci said. Andy Slavitt, White House COVID-19 Senior Advisor said the vaccines that are available in the US are effective against the Indian variant.

Also Read: Serum Institute never exported vaccines at cost of people in India, says Adar Poonawalla

”And it is all the more reason why it’s important for all of us, who have the opportunity to get vaccinated, to do so because we’ve seen the devastation that these variants can cause in other countries. And we should not feel that this can’t happen here,” Slavitt said in response to a question.

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Elon Musk forms several ‘X Holdings’ companies to fund potential Twitter buyout

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Thursday’s filing dispelled some doubts, though Musk still has work to do. He and his advisers will spend the coming days vetting potential investors for the equity portion of his offer, according to people familiar with the matter

KV Prasad Journo follow politics, process in Parliament and US Congress. Former Congressional APSA-Fulbright Fellow